home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- <text id=91TT1355>
- <title>
- June 17, 1991: Saving Nature, But Only for Man
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- June 17, 1991 The Gift Of Life
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- ESSAY, Page 82
- Saving Nature, But Only for Man
- </hdr><body>
- <p>By Charles Krauthammer
- </p>
- <p> Environmental sensitivity is now as required an attitude
- in polite society as is, say, belief in democracy or aversion
- to polyester. But now that everyone from Ted Turner to George
- Bush, Dow to Exxon has professed love for Mother Earth, how are
- we to choose among the dozens of conflicting proposals,
- restrictions, projects, regulations and laws advanced in the
- name of the environment? Clearly not everything with an
- environmental claim is worth doing. How to choose?
- </p>
- <p> There is a simple way. First, distinguish between
- environmental luxuries and environmental necessities. Luxuries
- are those things it would be nice to have if costless.
- Necessities are those things we must have regardless. Then apply
- a rule. Call it the fundamental axiom of sane environmentalism:
- Combatting ecological change that directly threatens the health
- and safety of people is an environmental necessity. All else is
- luxury.
- </p>
- <p> For example: preserving the atmosphere--stopping ozone
- depletion and the greenhouse effect--is an environmental
- necessity. In April scientists reported that ozone damage is far
- worse than previously thought. Ozone depletion not only causes
- skin cancer and eye cataracts, it also destroys plankton, the
- beginning of the food chain atop which we humans sit.
- </p>
- <p> The reality of the greenhouse effect is more speculative,
- though its possible consequences are far deadlier: melting ice
- caps, flooded coastlines, disrupted climate, parched plains and,
- ultimately, empty breadbaskets. The American Midwest feeds the
- world. Are we prepared to see Iowa acquire Albuquerque's
- climate? And Siberia acquire Iowa's?
- </p>
- <p> Ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect are human
- disasters. They happen to occur in the environment. But they are
- urgent because they directly threaten man. A sane
- environmentalism, the only kind of environmentalism that will
- win universal public support, begins by unashamedly declaring
- that nature is here to serve man. A sane environmentalism is
- entirely anthropocentric: it enjoins man to preserve nature, but
- on the grounds of self-preservation.
- </p>
- <p> A sane environmentalism does not sentimentalize the earth.
- It does not ask people to sacrifice in the name of other
- creatures. After all, it is hard enough to ask people to
- sacrifice in the name of other humans. (Think of the chronic
- public resistance to foreign aid and welfare.) Ask hardworking
- voters to sacrifice in the name of the snail darter, and, if
- they are feeling polite, they will give you a shrug.
- </p>
- <p> Of course, this anthropocentrism runs against the grain of
- a contemporary environmentalism that indulges in earth worship
- to the point of idolatry. One scientific theory--Gaia theory--actually claims that Earth is a living organism. This kind of
- environmentalism likes to consider itself spiritual. It is
- nothing more than sentimental. It takes, for example, a highly
- selective view of the benignity of nature. My nature worship
- stops with the April twister that came through Andover, Kans.,
- or the May cyclone that killed more than 125,000 Bengalis and
- left 10 million (!) homeless.
- </p>
- <p> A nonsentimental environmentalism is one founded on
- Protagoras' maxim that "Man is the measure of all things." Such
- a principle helps us through the thicket of environmental
- argument. Take the current debate raging over oil drilling in
- a corner of the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge.
- Environmentalists, mobilizing against a bill working its way
- through Congress to permit such exploration, argue that we
- should be conserving energy instead of drilling for it. This is
- a false either/or proposition. The country does need a sizable
- energy tax to reduce consumption. But it needs more production
- too. Government estimates indicate a nearly fifty-fifty chance
- that under the ANWR lies one of the five largest oil fields ever
- discovered in America.
- </p>
- <p> We have just come through a war fought in part over oil.
- Energy dependence costs Americans not just dollars but lives.
- It is a bizarre sentimentalism that would deny ourselves oil
- that is peacefully attainable because it risks disrupting the
- calving grounds of Arctic caribou.
- </p>
- <p> I like the caribou as much as the next man. And I would be
- rather sorry if their mating patterns are disturbed. But you
- can't have everything. And if the choice is between the welfare
- of caribou and reducing an oil dependency that gets people
- killed in wars, I choose man over caribou every time.
- </p>
- <p> Similarly the spotted owl. I am no enemy of the owl. If it
- could be preserved at no or little cost, I would agree: the
- variety of nature is a good, a high aesthetic good. But it is
- no more than that. And sometimes aesthetic goods have to be
- sacrificed to the more fundamental ones. If the cost of
- preserving the spotted owl is the loss of livelihood for 30,000
- logging families, I choose family over owl.
- </p>
- <p> The important distinction is between those environmental
- goods that are fundamental and those that are merely aesthetic.
- Nature is our ward. It is not our master. It is to be respected
- and even cultivated. But it is man's world. And when man has to
- choose between his well-being and that of nature, nature will
- have to accommodate.
- </p>
- <p> Man should accommodate only when his fate and that of
- nature are inextricably bound up.The most urgent accommodation
- must be made when the very integrity of man's habitat--e.g.,
- atmospheric ozone--is threatened. When the threat to man is
- of a lesser order (say, the pollutants from coal- and oil-fired
- generators that cause death from disease but not fatal damage
- to the ecosystem), a more modulated accommodation that balances
- economic against health concerns is in order. But in either case
- the principle is the same: protect the environment--because
- it is man's environment.
- </p>
- <p> The sentimental environmentalists will call this saving
- nature with a totally wrong frame of mind. Exactly. A sane--a humanistic--environmentalism does it not for nature's sake
- but for our own.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
-